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BACKGROUND NOTES: ESTONIA
PUBLISHED BY THE BUREAU OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Official Name:
Republic of Estonia
PROFILE
FOREIGN RELATIONS
Estonia joined the United Nations on September 18, 1991, and is a
signatory to a number of UN organizations and other international
agreements. It also is a member of the Conference on Security
and Cooperation in Europe, Partnership for Peace, the North
Atlantic Cooperation Council, and the Council of Europe. Estonia
is unaffiliated directly with any political alliance but welcomes
further cooperation and integration with NATO, the EU, and other
Western organizations. Estonia maintains embassies in the United
States, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, the United
Kingdom, France, and Russia. It operates missions in Lithuania,
Latvia, to the United Nations, and has a consulate general in
Toronto, Canada. Honorary consuls are located in Austria,
Switzerland, Australia, and Seattle.
The United States established diplomatic relations with Estonia
on July 28, 1922. U.S. representation accredited to Estonia
served from the U.S. legation in Riga, Latvia, until June 30,
1930, when a legation was established with a non-resident
minister. The Soviet invasion forced the closure of the legation
in Tallinn on September 5, 1940, but Estonian representation in
the United States has continued uninterrupted for more than 70
years. The U.S. never recognized the forcible incorporation of
Estonia into the U.S.S.R. and views the present Government of
Estonia as a legal continuation of the interwar republic.
Estonia has enjoyed most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment with the
U.S. since December 1991. In 1991-92, it received approximately
$6 million annually in humanitarian and medical aid, technical
assistance, and professional training and about $38 million in
feed grain credits from the U.S. since 1991. In 1993, Estonian
trade with the United States amounted to $20 m!
illion in exports and $54 million
in imports, the latter being mainly agricultural commodities
under concessional programs. U.S. investment, consisting of
about 145 firms, makes up $20 million of $185 million in foreign
investment in Estonia.
Principal U.S. Embassy Officials
Charge d'affaires--Keith Smith
Political Officer--Elo-Kai Ojamaa
Economic Officer--Ingrid Kollist
Administrative Officer--David Buss Consular Officer--Robin Haase
AID Director--Adrian deGraffenreid
Public Affairs Officer--Victoria Middleton
The U.S. embassy in Estonia is located at Kentmanni 20, Tallinn
(tel. 372-6-312-021/4).
TRAVEL NOTES
Customs: Estonia does not require visas for American, Canadian,
or British citizens. Visitors are encouraged to register at the
U.S. Embassy. Hard currency exceeding 1,000 DM ($630) must be
declared upon entry; foreigners need not declare hard currency
exports less than this sum but may not export more currency than
that declared upon arrival. Articles with a total value of less
than 5,000 kroons ($380), either already declared or purchased in
Estonia, are duty-free upon departure. A 100% export duty exists
on items of greater total value, and 10-100% export duties can be
levied on tobacco, alcohol, gasoline, precious metals and
jewelry, furs, and cultural objects.
Climate and clothing: Tallinn and the coast are temperate, with
pleasant, cool summers and damp winters; eastern Estonia is
continental, with warmer summers and harsher winters.
Health: Medical care does not meet Western standards. There are
severe shortages of basic medical supplies, including disposable
needles, anesthetics, and antibiotics. Raw fruits and vegetables
are safe to eat, and the water is potable. Heat and hot water
are readily available.
Transportation: Several international airlines, including SAS,
Finnair and Estonia Airlines, provide service between European
cities and Tallinn Airport. Train service is available via
Moscow, St. Petersburg and Warsaw/Frankfurt, and a bus line
connects the Baltic capitals with Warsaw. Bus and taxi service
within the capital and its environs is good. Excellent
Tallinn-Helsinki ferry links exist year-round. Taxis are
inexpensive and available at stands or may be ordered by phone.
Rental cars are available, and gasoline prices are at market
rates.
Telecommunications: Improved telephone and telegraph services
are readily available at standard international rates. Tallinn
is 7 hours ahead of eastern standard time.
Work week: Most stores and shops are closed on Sunday, open
Monday-Friday from 10:00am - 6:00 pm and on Saturday from 9:00am
- 1:00pm. The U.S. embassy is closed on U.S. federal holidays.
Currency, Weights and Measures: The freely convertible kroon is
pegged to 1/8 the value of the German deutschmark. Traveler's
checks and major credit cards can be used at most banks and
hotels. Estonia uses the metric system and 220v current.
Further Information
These titles are provided as a general indication of the material
published on this country. The Department of State does not
endorse unofficial publications.
Estonia 1993: A Reference Book. Tallinn: Estonian Encyclopedia
Publishers, 1993.
Kreutzwald, F.R., comp. Kalevipoeg, An Ancient Estonian Tale.
Moorestown, NJ: Symposia Press, 1982.
Magi, Arvo. Estonian Literature. Stockholm: Baltic
Humanitarian Association, 1968.
Parming, Marju Rink, and Tonu Parming. A Bibliography of
English-Language Sources on Estonia: Periodicals,
Bibliographies, Pamphlets, and Books. New York: Estonian
Learned Society in America, 1974.
Parming, Tonu. The Collapse of Liberal Democracy and the Rise of
Authoritarianism in Estonia. London: Sage Publications, 1975.
Parming, Tonu, and Elmar Jarvesoo, eds. A Case Study of a Soviet
Republic: The Estonian SSR. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1978.
Rank, Gustav. Old Estonia: The People and Culture, translated
by Betty Oinas and Felix Oinas. Bloomington: Indiana
University's Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 128, 1976.
Raun, Toivo U. Estonia and the Estonians, 2nd edition.
Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1991.
Rikken, Mari-Ann, and Michael Tarm, eds. Documents from Estonia:
Articles, Speeches, Resolutions, Letters, Editorials, Interviews
Concerning Recent Developments, two volumes. New York, 1990.
Rodgers, Mary M., and Tom Streissguth, eds. Estonia: Then and
Now. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Company, 1992.
Uustalu, Evald. History of the Estonian People. London: Boreas
Publishing, 1952.
Williams, Roger, ed. Baltic States: Insight Guides. Boston:
Houghton-Mifflin Company, 1993.
For information on economic trends, commercial development,
production, trade regulations, and tariff rates, contact the
International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC 20230 at (202)482-4915, or any Commerce Department
district office. For information on business opportunities, call
the Commerce Department's East European Business Information
Center at (202) 482-2645.
Published by the United States Department of State -- Bureau of
Public Affairs -- Office of Public Communication -- Washington,
DC August 1994 -- Managing Editor: Peter A. Knecht -- Editor:
Peter Freeman
Department of State Publication 10194 -- Background Notes Series
-For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.